Haryana is a state of North-Central India. It is bordered by the state of Punjab and the Union Territory of Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh and the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand to the northeast and the state of Uttar Pradesh and the Union Territory of Delhi to the northeast. South and South West by Rajasthan State. Chandigarh city serves as the capital of Haryana and Punjab states.
Haryana was formed on November 1, 1966 as a result of the division of the former state of Punjab into two separate states – Punjabi-speaking Punjab and Hindi-speaking Haryana. Although the reorganization followed demands by the Sikh community for a Punjabi province (Punjabi-speaking province), it also met the aspirations of the people in the Hindi-speaking region of Punjab for a larger Haryana (Greater Haryana). Haryana is named after Hari (Hindu Lord Vishnu) and Ayna (house), which means “abode of God”. Area 17,070 sq mi (44,212 sq km). pop (2011) 25,353,081.
Land
Relief and drainage
Haryana has two major physiographic regions: flat alluvial plains in most of the state and a strip of highly dissected Siwalik (Shiwalik) range (with narrow foothills) in the north. Remnants of the Aravalli Range stretching from southwest Rajasthan to Delhi are evident in parts of southern Haryana.
The alluvial plain lies at an elevation of 700 to 900 feet (210 to 270 m) and is bordered by only one perennial river, the Yamuna, on the eastern border of the state. Several seasonal streams flowing from the Siwalik range, however, pass through this area. The most notable of these is the Ghaggar (near the state’s northern border), which once flowed far enough to join the Indus River in what is now Pakistan.
Soil
The soil of Haryana is generally deep and fertile. However, there are some exceptions, including the alluvial soils of the mountainous northeast and the sandy areas of the southwest, which span the Thar (Great Indian) Desert of Rajasthan. Most of the land in the state is arable, but it requires a lot of irrigation.
Climate
The climate of Haryana is hot in summer and distinctly cold in winter; Maximum temperatures can exceed 110 °F (43 °C) in May and June, and minimum temperatures can drop below freezing in January (the coldest month).
Most of the state’s experiences are with alarmed conditions; Conditions are relatively moist only in the northeast. The highest average rainfall is 18 inches (450 mm) between July and September. Although the state has a system of canal irrigation and tubewells, there are drought-prone areas, particularly in the southern and southwestern regions. In contrast, the areas around the tributaries of Yamuna and Ghaggar are subject to occasional floods.
Plant and animal life
Haryana has little natural vegetation. Eucalyptus trees are planted along highways and wastelands. Sheesham (Dalbergia cisso) trees grow along roads and canals in the northern part of the state, while small, glossy kicker (Acacia arabica) trees and shrubs are found in southern and southwestern Haryana.
Haryana is home to various types of mammals. Other species, including leopards, jackals, wild boars, and several types of deer, are generally confined to the mountainous regions of the northeast and far south. Small mammals, such as bats, squirrels, mice, rats, and gerbils, are common in the plains. Various kinds of ducks and teal are found near the rivers. Pigeons and doves are common in agricultural areas, as are small, colorful birds such as pocket sparrows, buntings, sunbirds, bulbuls and kingfishers. Many species of snakes are found in the state; Among these are pythons, boas and rat snakes, as well as poisonous kraits and vipers. Various lizards, frogs and other reptiles including turtles also reside in Haryana.
People
Population Structure
The largest part of the population of Haryana is Hindus. Sikhs and Muslims each form a small but significant minority; There is also a small community of Christians. Most of the Sikh population of the state is located in the north-east and north-west, while Muslims are concentrated in the south-eastern districts adjacent to Delhi. Jats (members of the peasant caste) are the backbone of Haryana’s agricultural economy. They are also prominent in the armed forces of India.
Method of disposal
At the beginning of the 21st century, three-fourths of Haryana’s population remained rural; However, cities have continued to grow rapidly as commercial, industrial and agricultural marketing centers. The largest cities in the state include Faridabad, Rohtak, Panipat, Hisar, Sonepat and Karnal. With the exceptions of Rohtak, which is in central Haryana, and Hisar, which is in the northwest, most of the large urban centers are located in the eastern part of the state.
Economy
Agriculture
A culturally rich state, Haryana contributes large quantities of wheat and rice to the central pool (a national storage system of surplus food grains). In addition, the state produces significant quantities of cotton, rape and mustard seeds, pearl millet, chickpeas, sugarcane, sorghum, maize (maize), and potatoes. Dairy cattle, buffaloes, and oxen, which are used for plowing the land and as draft animals, are dominant in the northeastern region.
Haryana’s agricultural productivity is largely attributed to the so-called Green Revolution, an international movement launched in the 1960s to reduce world hunger. As a result of this movement, there has been massive investment in irrigation, fertilizers and high quality seeds. At the beginning of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the state’s workforce was employed in agriculture.
Manufacturing
Haryana has made rapid progress in the development of agriculture-based manufacturing. Among such industries, the most important are cotton and sugar processing and production of agricultural machinery. Along with chemicals, Haryana also manufactures a variety of consumer goods, especially bicycles.
Transportation
Haryana has long been well connected to the neighboring states and the rest of India. Several major highways and railway lines – including the historic Grand Trunk Road and the main line of the Northern Railway – pass through the state to converge on Delhi. State-owned bus services operate between most major cities and towns in Haryana. The state is served by a domestic airport at Chandigarh.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Haryana’s governmental structure, like most Indian states, is defined by the 1950 National Constitution. The Governor appointed by the President of India is the head of the state. The Council of Ministers, which is headed by a Chief Minister and is accountable to the State Legislative Assembly (Legislative Assembly), assists and advises the Governor. The state has a common high court with Punjab.
Haryana has four divisions, each of which has several districts. Divisional Commissioners oversee the divisions, while each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner. The council (panchayat) system of self-governance operates at the village level.
Cultural life
Haryana’s cultural life reflects the seasonal rhythms of its agricultural economy and a wealth of traditions and legends rooted in ancient India. The boisterous spring festival of Holi is celebrated by throwing colored powder (or powder mixed with water) on each other regardless of age, or social status. The birthday of Krishna (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) Janmashtami is of special religious significance in Haryana because it was on a battlefield in Kurukshetra that Krishna is said to have imparted the teachings contained in the Bhagavad Gita (part) to the warrior Arjuna. The epic called Mahabharata). Festivals in honor of other deities and saints are also an important element of the state’s cultural life, as are animal fairs, which are held in many places.
Many major pilgrimage sites are located in Haryana. The solar eclipse bathing festival in Kurukshetra always attracts hundreds of pilgrims from different parts of India. Pehowa, in north-central Haryana, is also an important pilgrimage site. Located on the banks of the sacred Saraswati River (identified with Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of learning and arts), it is considered a prime location for performing the customary rites for ancestors (shraddha). They are also performed in Pehowa to ensure the salvation of the souls of those who died unnatural deaths or who died in bed.
The traditional family houses of Haryana, called havelis, are known for their unique architectural features, especially their doorways and podiums. The wide doorways of these houses ultimately lend a medieval and aesthetically pleasing character to the streets of Haryana, while the buildings have elaborately decorated podiums that are used for various social and religious functions. These podiums reflect the social status of the owner of the mansion.
The Vedas, the oldest manuscripts of the Vedic religion, originate from the region now known as Haryana. These Sanskrit documents were written by the Aryans, who descended into the region from the north between 2000 and 1500 AD. Haryana is also considered the birthplace of Hinduism, which originated in the 2nd century BC. had started to take a discreet shape by